The Morality of Relationships in A Dolls House - Literature Essay Samples

In his play ‘A Doll’s House’ Henrik Ibsen provides the audience with an insight into life in 19th Century Norway and the injustices that existed in society at the time. Throughout the narrative Ibsen uses the Nora and Torvald’s relationship as a vehicle through which he explores the constitution of marriage and the morality of this kind of relationship, particularly the rigid gender roles that were prominent within the society. In the play, a woman is expected to accept her societal role, acquiescing to her husband in all things, by subtly highlighting the inequality of this, Ibsen explores the morality of their relationship. One of the first thing Torvald says to address his wife is â€Å"You mustn’t disturb me!† Here, the imperative creates a very forceful tone, establishing unequal power dynamics within the relationship, indicative of the inequalities that existed between men and women in the mid-19th Century. Men adopted the dominant role that came so naturally to them in such a phallocentric culture, in which women were denied the same rights as men. Critic Brian Downs states â€Å"When Henrik Ibsen wrote A Doll’s House, the institution of marriage was sacrosanct†, and this notion emphasised by how naturally Nora and Torvald embrace the sharply defined marital roles, despite how it leads to the morality of their relationship becoming questionable, as indeed, these marital ro les were unequal in that the male carries the weight of power within the relationship. Furthermore, through the fact that Nora in no way contests being talked down to by her husband, Ibsen makes a stark criticism of the way in which 19th Century Norwegian women had been conditioned by society to ignore this kind of behaviour, to the extent where they do not even acknowledge the injustice of it. Indeed, Torvald’s borderline aggressive speech towards Nora, as well as her apparent ignorance of the inequality of their marriage, causes the audience to question the morality of their marriage, as Ibsen subtly criticises the constitution. Additionally, Nora’s dishonest nature is prominent throughout the text, as she lies repeatedly to her husband; this implies that Nora does not value morality as an important aspect of marriage. When questioned by Torvald about whether or not she indulged in a treat from the pastry shop, Nora responds emphatically with â€Å"Certainly not.† The ease with which Nora is able to lie to her husband suggests it is second-nature to her, perhaps even impulsive; the fact that Nora has this level of disrespect for the trust which her husband places in her speaks volumes about the way in which women viewed marriage in the 19th Century. Women did not necessarily marry out of love, but instead out of obligation or want of money or status; this outlook does not bode well for a woman’s moral responsibility in a relationship – if she does not love her husband, she is more likely to be inconsiderate of the moral responsibility a spouse places in their partner. However, Nor a does appear to have Torvard’s best interests at heart, after all, â€Å"it was [her] who saved Torvald’s life†, and from this is can be inferred that Nora really does love Torvald. However, it could be argued that, at this point in the narrative, Ibsen is subtly implying that Nora is deceiving herself, since as marriage in the 19th Century was an institution traditionally rooted in the patriarchy that promotes male superiority and power over women. It is this that causes the reader to question how a women of the period could be truly happy in a relationship of that nature, and indeed, whether or not a women’s apparent satisfaction, such as Nora’s, was merely a pretence. Critic Jenette Lee supports this in her description of how â€Å"the problem of A Dolls House, for instance, is not concerned with the marriage relations of Nora and Helmer, but with the character of Nora†; in light of this view, an audience could conclude that Nora’ s outlook of marriage, whereby she does not value morality in her relationship, was one common of women in 19th Century Norway. Furthermore, Ibsen touches on how men in the 19th Century were shallow in their pursuit of women. Nora foreshadows at time â€Å"when [she’s] no longer pretty†, â€Å"when Torvald no longer loves [her] as he does now†, which reveals the superficial nature of marriage in 19th Century Norway, whereby men seemingly valued appearance extremely highly in a relationship, indeed before other more important qualities. From this it could be construed that men were rather immoral within their marriages – as Ibsen implies Torvald would cease to love Nora if she were to lose her outward beauty. This is indicative that he does not value their relationship very highly and this indeed reflects attitudes of men of the period in which the play is set; subsequent to the heavily phallocentric society in which they lived, men of the 19th Century had little respect for women and generally viewed them as solely as a means of fulfilling the stereotypical notion of a marriage. He re, Ibsen criticises men of the time, implying they were complicit in enabling social injustices to be so prominent in 19th Century society, their blatant lack of respect for the opposite gender intensifying inequalities that existed between men and women. In conclusion, during the entirety of his play ‘A Doll’s House’, Ibsen thoroughly explores and exposes the inequalities that existed between men and women in the mid-19th Century. He highlights how both men and women prevent vast social change by continually conforming to the gender roles that existed within marriage. In exploring the constitution of marriage and the morality of this kind of relationship, Ibsen reveals how little value morality had in relationships at the time, particularly in that of Nora and Torvald.

Striving for Authentic Happiness Essays - 1396 Words

Globalization and the development of technology have provided people with more opportunities to do whatever they want. Because of the choices, people seem to be happier to make their own choices. However, Martin E.P. Seligman, the author of Authentic Happiness, would argue that they are not happy because that kind of happiness does not last long. In his book, Seligman explains that there are two kinds of happiness, pleasure and gratification. He says, â€Å"[t]he pleasures are delights that have clear sensory and strong emotional components, what philosophers call â€Å"raw feels†: ecstasy, thrills, orgasm, delight, mirth, exuberance, and comfort. They are evanescent, and they involve little, if any, thinking† (102). As he shows, pleasure is†¦show more content†¦According to him, gratification is a key for people to have a good life. However, Seligman explains, â€Å"[g]ratification dispels self-absorption, and the more one has the flow that gratificati on produces, the less depressed one is† (119). Although it is clear that people need gratification more than pleasures, he points out that â€Å"[t]o start the process of eschewing easy pleasures and engaging in more gratifications is hard† (119). This difficulty of attaining gratification might make people to choose pleasure rather than gratification. Thus, according to Seligman’s definitions of happiness, it is easier for humans to seek pleasure rather than to seek gratification. In â€Å"The Psychology of Globalization†, Jeffery Jensen Arnett illustrates that young people focus on self longer by extending adulthood. Arnett notes, in global culture, people value on â€Å"individualism, free market economics, and democracy and include freedom of choice, individual rights, openness to change, and tolerance of differences† (779). Arnett argues that globalization, especially increasing the number of choices and allowing people to have freedom of choices affect each individual’s psychological functioning. He points out, â€Å"[w]hen people are allowed to make their own choices about values, love, and work, the likelihood may be enhanced that they will find aShow MoreRelatedLeadership : The Main Factor Of Organizational Success1672 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization (DuBrin, 2016). In order to inspire confidence, people require a positive, genuine, transparent, ethical form of leadership, broadly termed authentic leadership (AL) (Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., 2005). Authentic leadership will promote trust, optimism, and work engagement in the organization, creating a positive work environment. An authentic leader is defined as being self-aware, confident, open, optimistic, resilient, and honest, and being more concerned about the welfare of others thanRead MoreAristotle And Heidegger s Theories About Ethics1525 Words   |  7 Pageslater, it comes to question, is Heidegger is just contrasting Aristotle because as later stated it is hard to achieve both theories at the same time. Aristotle main points are trying to pursue excellence with reason and Heidegger compares one s authentic self and inauthentic self. This paper is discussing each philosophical theory pertaining to ethics and how these two philosophers relate to each other. The Aristotle book â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† goes deep in understanding of excellence and virtuesRead MoreMisconceptions Of The American Dream1190 Words   |  5 Pageswith opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.† Over the past century, people have been striving to achieve the rich and prosperous life that Truslow refers to in hopes that they find happiness. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. While wealth is often equated with happiness and security; however, The Great Gatsby and Into the Wild illustrate that searching for happiness through the acquisition of material wealth is chasing an illusion, because amorality and corruption oftenRead MoreF. 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Yoga is a path to happiness, like any physical activity, it’s better in the company of some inspirational people who see you moving forward. Our yoga practice induce deep thought, wider breathing, eating more mindfully, learning therapeutic concepts, making patient and consciousRead MoreThe Literary Works Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1564 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough money provides security, social status and comfort, it does not grant happiness. There is a tendency in American culture to equate success with happiness. Success is the core of American society, as it drives innovation and motivates people to work harder in order to achieve their goals — but at what cost? When striving for success, people tend to neglect other important areas of their lives such as their health, emotional well-being and more importantly their loved ones. The literary worksRead MoreSharing Perso nal Stories through Fascinating and Effective Ways1423 Words   |  6 Pagesthird semester in college and the beginning of my twenties, I have thankfully come to the conclusion that we, as happy, healthy, successful artists and people, do not need that form of expression. To truly want, strive, and continue the process of happiness is a feat on its own; so how does one go about achieving it? Rarely is it a sole process, but one that is achieved through community and communication. To share our stories, whether it be in writing, speaking, singing, acting, dancing, playing anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Phenomenal Woman By Maya Angelou925 Words   |  4 Pagesto be the nuts and bolts of becoming a more strong and authentic woman of this age. Woman of today have definitely dominated many roles most others, including men that often have neglected their ambition to hustle in any given situation. Important to realize, that women are just as smart and driven then most successful men o ut there. Our love letter to ourselves is simply to encourage us to stand strong in the pursuit of self-love and happiness. In addition, we are worthy of acceptance and compassionRead MoreMoral Values And Good And Bad Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthe powerful who celebrate in their own power, affirm themselves as the origin of good, and are â€Å"necessarily active,† (126) a â€Å"hostile external world† (124) is needed for slave morality to even exist. The powerful â€Å"did not have to establish their happiness artificially by examining their enemies, or to persuade themselves, deceive themselves, that they were happy.† (126) However, slave morality has to â€Å"from the outset say No to what is ‘outside,’ what is ‘different,’ what is ‘not itself’; and thisRead MoreH. G. Wells Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween social classes (Rollyson 5). Wells often gave some of his characters problems like he had growing up, p roblems such as struggles with social respectability, personal satisfaction, and even happiness (Hartsveldt 1). So as his own family struggled with social acceptance and striving for happiness while in the situation that they were in, his characters in his future works go through those very same problems. Wells had a way with the ladies. Even though Wells was a little short, about five

The Case Against Bullying in Schools Essay - 1297 Words

Turning on the news, I see a clip of two boys. The smaller of the two walks up to the other boy, a big boy, and punches him in the face. Finally, after much taunting, the older boy snaps, picks up his tormentor and throws him to the ground. Rewind to April 20 1999 and the tragedy of the Columbine school shooting. One of the two shooters, Eric Harris stated in his suicide note, â€Å"Your children, who have ridiculed me, who have chosen not to accept me, who have treated me like I am not worth their time, are dead.† Experts report that bullying is a serious and widespread problem which can lead to school shootings and suicide. Not only that, but it is dangerously underrated as schools and adults are not taking the problem serious enough.†¦show more content†¦In some school districts, Zero Tolerance has slowly become synonymous with we dont want to put up with any sort of nonsense. Such policies impose severe consequences for violations and, in some cases; this is doi ng more harm than good. Here are just a few reasons why zero tolerance policies don’t work. First, zero tolerance can hurt the victim of bullying. Let us consider this scenario: A child has been bullied for quite some time. Thus far, the bullying has taken the form of humiliation and verbal abuse, but today†¦ today it gets physical and the child is attacked by his tormentors. He fights back to get away. The teacher takes all the students to the principal who, upon hearing what happened, suspends or expels all of the students, including the victim. Under a zero tolerance policy he has no flexibility to consider the circumstances because physical violence is across the board unacceptable. â€Å"Time after time, as student and teacher, I had seen kids get punished when they tried to defend themselves after repeated abuse that was committed with impunity.† (Hughes 43). Secondly, zero tolerance policies can take away a classroom teachers autonomy to settle minor incidents and prevent bullying. For example: A kindergarten class is having free play. Whilst playing, a little boy says to another Im going to kill you. The teacher would really like to take the opportunity to use this as a teachingShow MoreRelatedBullying Should Be Addressed For The Proper Development Of Children1347 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is a very strong word to all the people around the world but some time people may not know if they are bullying other people. Bullying to all of us means something different. This is why I consider it very hard to judge and punish bullying as definitely what is bullying? Is bullying when you just fight with a kid or simply insult him and he insults you back, is it when you tease him for something he does, or is it when you take things from him without his permission is that bullying? StudiesRead MoreCauses And Solutions Of Bullying1695 Words   |  7 Pagesof and Solutions to Bullying Introduction Bullying is a purposeful attempt by an individual to control others through verbal, physical, or emotional abuse. Although the practice has been in the American society for long, the recent statistics, especially in learning institutions and workplaces, are worrying. About 27.8 percent of school-going children are affected by bullying each year, with approximately 160,000 of them staying at home every day. They experience poor school adjustment, depressionRead MoreEssay about Schools and Parents Must Be Held Accountable for Bullying1709 Words   |  7 Pages Bullying and cyber-bullying have increased tremendously in past six years. With the increased popularity of Facebook, bullies are finding a new way of tormenting victims. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in teens, with bullying being one of the leading causes. 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Recently, several cases have occurred whereby negligence and bullying are interconnected with students suing their schools for failing to enforce anti-bullying policies and causing injury to their well being. A current case includes Maya Williams suing her former high school for negligence in regards to the enforcement of their anti-bullying policy. By looking into a precedent case, elements of negligence, and how bullying affects a studentRead MoreA Treatment of Solutions to Bullying in Schools Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesBullying has always been present within the United States. Although the issue has been around for a long time, it continues to grow and become more of problem. It is said that about 160,000 children within the United States are refusing to go to school because of bullying. Another statistic is that within American schools alone, there are an estimated 2.1 billion bullies and 2.7 billion victims (Dan Olewus, MBNBD). The numbers presented here are outrageous and although there are organizations toRead MoreSchool Bullying: An Analysis and Recommendations1765 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿School Bullying As we become more educated as a society, we become more aware and willing to admit that the incidents of bullying are indeed damaging; the explanation that kids will be kids and that torment between children is just another aspect of growing up simply does not suffice any more as an acceptable answer for bad behavior. Furthermore, there is much evidence to suggest that bullying is on the rise. Peer abuse has always existed at school, but the kinds of kids who are harassing othersRead MoreThe Violence Of The Columbine Shooting1143 Words   |  5 Pageswent to their school in Littleton, CO. They preceded to kill 12 and injure 21 students and faculty before killing themselves. Columbine shooting is infamous as one of the worst school shootings in US history. 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Characterization Of Amyloid Fibrils and Protective Effects Of Silibinin - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2083 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? Amyloid fibrils are abnormal, fibrous protein deposits that grow on the outer membrane of the cells. They are insoluble and do not function to provide structural support or motility in humans. Amyloids are known to show major impact on diseases like Alzheimers and type II diabetes which progress over a period of time and are associated with high mortality (1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Characterization Of Amyloid Fibrils and Protective Effects Of Silibinin" essay for you Create order There are no effective treatments known for amyloid-related diseases, therefore, searching for compounds that can effectively inhibit the formation of amyloid fibrils and/or disaggregate the preformed amyloid fibrils will act as a more promising treatment (2, 3). Silibinin are extracted from the medicinal plant Silybum marianum, also known as milk thistle, and have traditionally been used for the treatment of liver diseases (4). In a research, it was shown that silibinin could interrupt the complex structure of the amyloid protein, and transform the fibrils into shapeless aggregates hence decreasing its effects on the amyloid-related diseases (5). However, there are various forms of amyloid-fibril proteins. This paper focuses on amyloid-fibril formation and their characterization in various different amyloid-fibril proteins. Further, this paper will explore cytotoxicity induced by amyloid fibrils affecting patients who take insulin. The term amyloid was coined initially by Schleiden and then by Virchow in the mid-19th century to describe the iodine stained deposits seen in the liver at an autopsy. Initially, the deposits were thought to be high in carbohydrate until their high nitrogen content was later established. However, the inaccurate name persisted despite the discovery of its highly proteinaceous composition (7). Through microscopic studies and transmission electron micrographs, it was confirmed that amyloid carried a fibrillar or thread-like structure. Further advances in the biomedical and biophysical arena helped to isolate amyloid fibrils from the tissues and use X-ray fiber diffraction to exhibit the cross- structure (8, 9). Amyloid fibrils are highly stable and insoluble which makes them very useful in a large number of naturally occurring bionanotechnology. However, fibrils can also be dest ructive as they have the ability to accumulate in the tissue and form basis of diseases or aggravate a given disease (1). In order to understand more about amyloid fibrils, it was necessary to isolate them without completely dissociating them. The highly stable structure of amyloid fibrils made it hard to isolate them from the tissues without affecting its structural integrity of the fibrils. Therefore it became necessary to devise an effective method of isolation. Cohen and Calkins in their paper, The Isolation of amyloid fibrils and a study of the effect of collagenase and hyaluronidase, provided an effective method to isolate the amyloid fibrils without destroying their structural integrity. Hepatic tissues with excessive amyloid fibrils were extracted from post-mortem patients and was extracted using subsequent centrifugation and washing. The extracted fibrils and normal liver tissue as a control were then treated with the enzymes collagenase and hyaluronidase and then centrifuged. On observing it in the electron microscope, it was noted that only the amyloid fibril rich liver tissues showed fibrils, hence a new technique to isolate fibrils was discovered (9). Cohen and Calkins work was also one of the primary works to identify that fibril, a major component of amyloid, is not a collagen. It was also identified that fibrils do not contain high amounts of hyaluronic ac id, making it less soluble in water (1,9). In order to identify if collagen is the primary component of the fibrils, the fibrils were treated with a buffer and collagenase solution as the control and experimental reactions. The collagenase based reaction was incubated at different time periods to identify if there as more growth in the collagenase based solutions. The quantity of the fibrils was found to be roughly the same in the control and the experimental preparations at different time intervals. Ineffectiveness of collagenase indicated that there was no collagen present in the fibrils as in the presence of collagenase, the fibrils would have grown if they had collagen in them (9). Isolation of amyloid fibrils sparked a growth in the research based on amyloid fibrils and the diseases associated with amyloid fibrils. In a study, Westermark isolated amyloid from a lymph node of a medullary thyroid carcinoma, using the method devised by Cohen and Calkin. It was found in this study that amyloid fibrils carried major protein unit. The presence of a major subunit brought about a major advancement in understanding the structure of amyloid fibrils which later helped in finding an inhibition mechanism for amyloid formation, that affects diseases like Alzheimers and diabetes type I (9, 10, 11). The structure of the fibril isolated from the thyroid c arcinoma was studied by isolating a tumor tissue from a patient having medullary thyroid carcinoma with metastases. The amyloid was isolated using collagenase enzyme, as shown by Cohen and Calkins. After the centrifugation in the presence of required buffers, it was run using an SDS page to separate the different protein components. The acquired protein was then purified using gel filtration and observed under an electron microscope. The amyloid fibrils were observed in the form of small clumps. On performing spectrophotometry, it was confirmed that no peaks were shown in the range where amyloid fibril would normally be observed. Knowledge of the structure of amyloid fibrils helps in understanding the process of pathology of the amyloidoses and provides a structure of rational design for drugs to inhibit or reverse amyloid formation (11). This can be beneficial in various diseases like diabetes and Alzheimers. It has been suggested that nearly all proteins have the ability to form amyloid under certain conditions, which has implications for the understanding of protein folding (12). Amyloid precursor proteins do not share a common size, sequence or secondary structure, yet the mature fibrils appear to share similar highly organized multimolecular morphology and mechanisms of toxicity (13). This indicated that there is a possible connection in the formation of different types of amyloid fibrils. Sletten et al in their study characterizing amyloid fibril proteins further elabo rated that human amyloid fibrils contain two different components: one soluble and the more heterogeneous component. The soluble component is called the P component and is immunologically homogeneous meaning they are made of same kind of proteins. The other component, the fibril, is more heterogeneous meaning that it is made of different kind of proteins. Amyloid fibrils were first acquired from lymph nodes of the medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and isolated using the Cohen and Calkins method of enzyme degradation. Antisera against amyloid proteins prepared and treated to the fibrils. Finally gel filtration and SDS page were conducted in order to look at the various band indicating proteins of different sizes and charges (14). As discussed earlier, two different components were found. It was also observed that the fibrils mainly consisted of a low molecular weight protein which was immunologically distinct and did not react with various antisera against known amyloid fibril proteins (15). In a study it was shown that the influence of the number of non-fibrillar or the P-component on amyloid related diseases is well known. However the authors noted that non-fibrillar proteins increase protein strength and density of the local interactions of fibrils, causing them to forma compact, and localized structure, as seen in different amyloid related diseases. Therefore, the soluble component, or the P-component play an important role in forming aggregation state and solubility of the amyloid fibrils, he nce affecting amyloidoses or amyloid deposits (19) Amyloid deposits have varied origins and chemical compositions, however they still have common systematic forms. The common systemic forms as seen in Sletten et al., are related to the serum amyloid protein or immunoglobulin chains but in amyloidosis the fibril proteins may contain hormone-like peptides such as procalcitonin in medullary carcinoma of thyroid and islet polypeptide in pancreatic islets, especially in Type 2 diabetes (15, 16, 17). Insulin, a polypeptide, has long been known to be capable of conversion in vitro to a fibrillar, amyloid-like, form (16). Fibrillary insulin has recently been demonstrated clinically significant localised amyloidosis in microscopic quantities around the needle tip after prolonged subcutaneous infusions of insulin in rats, and in a human diabetic subject (18). In a study done in 1988, major amyloid fibril protein was extracted and, by means of its amino acid composition and amino acid sequence, it was shown to contain intact insulin molecules (15). Diche et al. in their study conducted in 1988 described the amyloid deposits occurring in an insulin-dependent diabetic patient and give the analytical finding of extracted amyloid fibril protein. A young man with type 1 diabetes mellitus developed a localized amyloidosis at the sites of the injections of insulin. This amyloid fibril was extracted and histopathology was conducted on the tissues. This was followed by immunohistochemistry, by staining proinsulin and an antiserum to insulin. The tissue was also homogenized to obtain amyloid fibrils and purify them (15). It was found that amyloids form by partial proteolysis of larger precursor molecules, which cases of localized amyloidosis, as seen in the diabetic patient, is expressed close to the site of deposition. The lower molecular weight fragment molecules spontaneously polymerize into fibrils. Amyloid P-component was also demonstrable in the deposits, as it has been in every other amyloid (15). Katebi et al. look at the potential of silibinin to interact and inhibit the amyloid formation in bovine insulin (insulin derived from a cow). It looks at the ability of insulin to attach to silibinin. It further looks at the protective effects of silibinin in the cell against the toxicity caused by the amyloid fibrils on neuroblastoma cells cancer formed in early forms of nerve cells (3, 6). It looks at the ability of insulin to attach to silibinin. It further looks at the protective effects of silibinin in the cell against the toxicity caused by the amyloid fibrils on neuroblastoma cells cancer formed in early forms of nerve cells (3, 6). The specific effect of silibinin on the fibrillation of bovine insulin was studied by using specific methods of amyloid detection using color assays. These assays are methods that use a dye to color the amyloid fibrils and observe the changes in it using a highly efficient microscope. The assays help in quantifying the change in the amyloid fibril formation under various conditions such as the different concentration of silibinin, or temperature difference (20, 21). It was found that higher doses of silibinin caused the inhibition of the amyloid fibril formation, in a given time. It was measured that the time taken for the formation of the first phase of the new structure or interaction increased from 2 hours to 4 hours in the presence of silibinin. This indicated that silibinin interferes in the early formation of the insulin complex, which increases the reliability of silibinin as an effective treatment. Impact of silibinin on the structural changes cause in insulin due to amyloid fibrils was studies using color assays. It was concluded that the presence of silibinin lowers the intensity of the color, which indicates that silibinin has inhibiting effects on structural changes in insulin due to the amyloid formation (3, 22). In the second part of the study, the protective effects of silibinin on insulin amyloid fibril that causes toxicity in cancer cells in nerves was analyzed. This was analyzed using an assay that acts a sensitive and reliable indicator of the cell metabolism. This assay analyzes the shift of a yellow based dye to purple based on the activity of a mitochondrial enzyme that helps in the removal of hydrogen from the cells. The assay was conducted as a cell viability test for the effect of silibinin on the amyloi d. It was concluded that cells exposed to silibinin at various concentrations did not show any evidence of toxicity in a 24 hour period (3, 23). The study gives important insights into the mechanism of amyloid fibril-induced neuronal cell death and the action of silibinin. It also emphasizes the potential application of silibinin to prevent the treatment of amyloid-related diseases like type II diabetes and Alzheimers. Amyloid fibrils are extensively known for its affect on major diseases like Alzheimers and diabetes, hence it is very important to understand their structure, and formation. Structure and formation not only provide a way to derive methods to stop their growth. With the help of isolation technique devised by Cohen and Calkins, scientist were able to further study structure and formation of amyloid fibrils. This further enabled them to understand in what ways do fibrils affect diabetes. Such studies help not only to provide a way for other scientists to replicate what has been already done but also pursue research t a higher level. By knowing the structure and characterization of the amyloid fibrils, Katebi et al . were able to understand the protective effects of silibinin on insulin amyloid fibrils.

Essay about Eye-Witness Testimony - 2113 Words

Eye-Witness Testimony Until now we have focused upon theoretical psychology that employ methods that are removed from real life. Neisser was one psychologist who criticized his fellow psychologists for concentrating too much on theoretical concepts and ignoring the practical issues involved about memory. It is memory from real life experiences that psychologists must concentrate on and one aspect of this is known as the eyewitness testimony. Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony ----------------------------------- It is without doubt that eyewitnesses to a crime are one of the most important people to the police when trying to get a conviction but we must remember that sometimes†¦show more content†¦like we take photographs. He believed that instead of taking exact replicas of the initial stimulus, we weave it with existing knowledge and experience to form a reconstructed memory. This is known as effort after meaning. Bartlett carried out a number if experiments to investigate how people recall things. In one of his best-known studys he read English participants a folk tale derived from Red Indian culture called The war of the ghosts. This was an unusual story for people from a western culture to understand because it contained unfamiliar supernatural concepts. After an interval, the participants were asked to recall as much about the story as possible. Bartlett found that their accounts were distorted in several ways with were consistent with a western-world view. Specifically he found the following differences: * Rationalizations - People added information or justification for actions that were not in the original. * Omissions - Information was left out particularly that of which was most difficult for westerners to understand. * Changes of Order - Events were reordered in order for the tale to make more sense. * Alterations in Importance - Certain parts were given more prominence than in the original story. * Distortion of Emotion - People incorporated their own feelings and attitudes towards the story. So, according toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Eye Witness Testimony625 Words   |  3 PagesEye Witness Testimony The language used by the police when interviewing witnesses and barristers during a trial may influence answers given by witnesses, this language may affect initial perception and subsequent recall. Both of these effects are shown in the study by Loftus Palmer {1974). 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Primarily Influence Our Role In Society Education Essay Free Essays

string(160) " in corporate societal capital, occupants and households pulled together and formed assorted action groups, which increased public and political consciousness\." Harmonizing to Sanderson. ( 2009 ) 4 Primary socialisation occurs in the early phases of a immature individual ‘s life and is period of development of rational, emotional and societal ego and that the household and close community are the chief agents in Primary socialisation and can find bar or part of pervert and condemnable activity. Initially From birth a kid connects with behaviors of the parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Primarily Influence Our Role In Society Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This interaction, more frequently than non, will be with the birth female parent. Gormly ( 1997, Reissland, 1998 cited in Digiulio 2001 ) 5. Harmonizing to Bowlby ( 1969, cited in Wagner 2009 ) 6 â€Å" Attachment helps to maintain the baby and female parent relationship a close one therefore bettering the kid ‘s opportunities of endurance † . This early relationship offers sense of security and protection in which to socially larn. Trouble with doing this fond regard can take to troubles in behavior in childhood and through its life class. ( Wagner, 2009 ) 7. As the kid grows Parents need to promote society ‘s values and criterions so that conformity ( societal control ) is adopted by voluntarily agencies, instead than from authorization ( Grusec A ; Hastings 2006 ) 8 moreover as Wagner ( 2010 ) 50 mentioning Kohlberg ‘s theory, suggests, kids go through different phases of logical thinking of moral development. At the early phase of concluding a kid will larn to conform to regulations to forestall been punished. At the following degree the kid additions an apprehension of ways to determine single demands through personal positions and by their actions. Further on the kid develops understanding of Conforming and how determinations made can determine relationships with others. At the latter phases, kids learn about consideration for society, its regulations of authorization norms, moralss and values of others. Parents can besides take a lead function in portraying morality by exposing suited behavior themselves, by Pull offing their ain emotions and interactions with others. They can put out counsel and boundaries which will enable the kid to derive logical thinking of appropriate behaviors needed in society they belong ( DoH, 2000 ) 10. Those parents on the other manus exposing pervert or condemnable behaviors in forepart of the kid ; the more likely the kid is of non developing morally but alternatively copying these behaviors and larning unacceptable traits. ( Experimental acquisition or patterning theory ) . Such behaviors learnt could be, for illustration domestic force, aggression, noncompliance, linguistic communication used, drug and intoxicant usage. We can besides understand how the impact of parental kid rise uping can impact the child behavioral development by the techniques parents use. Lannelli ( 2004 ) 11, suggests â€Å" physiologists have identified 3 types of kid raising † . Authoritarian ; Parents are in control, disciplinarian and use physical penalty. Whilst Permissive Parents are relaxed around control, set few regulations and respond in the same manner to child ‘s behaviour good or bad. Authoritative parents use learning methods, non penalizing 1s, learning kids to be accountable and understanding effects of their actions ( Operant conditioning ) . Giving Clear outlooks and following this through by reenforcing positive behavior, they do this in a caring manner. ( Lannelli, 2004 ) 12. The Impact of these Parenting Styles Wagner, ( 2009 ) 13 suggests can hold differing results for the kid. Authoritarian rearing normally leads to kids who are compliant and competent but are sad and lack societal accomplishments and self esteem. Whilst Permissive Parenting leads to kids who are unhappy, lack subject and Get into problem with authorization and have low accomplishment in school. Maccoby ( 1992 cited by Wagner, 2009 ) 14 Authoritive parenting, â€Å" consequences in kids who are happy, capable and successful † . Authoritive rearing hence is the more likely technique that would advance the kid to be socially responsible ( Wagner.2009 ) 16 and hence less likely goon of delinquency. A 4th parenting manner Maccoby A ; Martin ( 1983, cited by Wagner.2009 ) 15 suggested was the Uninvolved Parents, who whilst functioning the kid ‘s basic demands, are normally disconnected from their kids, ensuing in the kid ‘s deficiency of self-denial, who are less capable and have small self regard. Furthermore when looking at how Delinquency can originate from rearing received. Harmonizing to ( Williams, 2001 P 382 ) 17 is as a consequence of deficient degrees of supervising by household members. This could be down to Single parent, absent female parent or male parent from the place ( broken households ) . Or where big households exist this would intend less clip to oversee separately ( West 1982 cited in Williams, 2001p.383 ) 18. Similarly we can see how this child/family relationship is an of import 1 has it provides emotional heat, safety, boundaries and offers stimulation and cognitive development from interactions, activities and communicating together ( DoH, 2000 ) 19 If nevertheless the deficiency of this positive relationship is losing could take to inappropriate behaviour and deviancy is learnt. Similarly as Williams ( 2001p.383 ) 20 claims that â€Å" the whole relationship Inc subject, parental inharmoniousness, low parental engagement, encouragement and supervising † are related to condemnable strong beliefs. Community/structural We can now look at the other agent of primary socialisation of kids which takes topographic point in the community and the function societal capital dramas in the control of delinquent behaviors and raising aspirations of households and immature people. As ( Putnam 2000 cited in Smith 2005 ) 21 in his book Bowling entirely suggested, societal capital helps community members sort out struggle and jobs better by working together, sharing duty in guaranting that societal norms of behaviour and conformance are respected. When community dislocation occurs, as I ‘ve witnessed by the closing of the excavation industry, people move out, houses became creaky so habited with pervert, delinquent people with low aspirations. Soon the affects of community life it ‘s functioning and regard for societal order was broken. Lack of Morality and Delinquency go apparent, and Community members become inward looking. Young people being brought in these communities learn traits through observation of those around them, its environment and from their ain household values, beliefs and behaviors. Over many old ages and with a batch of difficult work and investing in corporate societal capital, occupants and households pulled together and formed assorted action groups, which increased public and political consciousness. You read "Primarily Influence Our Role In Society Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Streets became cleaner, safer, offense rates fell and kid development through engagement as a cons equence of societal capital increased. This is strengthened as Coleman ( 1998, 1990 in Gilchrist. A, 2004 ) 22 references in his research that through strong household and community interactions immature people did good at school, shared positions on reciprocality, were responsible and helpful. Which high spots with strong investing of concerted action within community working the immature people and their households benefit and the hazard of aberrance is minimized. Secondary socialisation As the kid grows secondary Socialization takes its function on immature people, this is learnt in school and from equals. School is about larning about the ( Official Curriculum ) which is about the system of learning topics to larn and been rewarded for accomplishing through classs of attainment. School can be a topographic point to learn societal values, beliefs, and imposts in society Children learn besides about societal behavior and how to interact with equals who they are non familiar with ( Social Curriculum ) . School can besides learn immature people about the regulations, behavior, obeisance, to conform and execute outside the household and within groups and it teaches students to obey authorization figures. ( Hidden Curriculum ) .All of these can be seen to challenge some dysfunctional household ‘s beliefs, values and regulations of operation. ( Sociology cardinal online no day of the month ) 23 Children chiefly socialised within such households where aberrance has been learnt and to which is still outstanding, Id suggest would get down to fight with their instruction, socializing accomplishments and conformance to school regulations. They ‘d likely happen the systems in topographic point excessively difficult manage. These kids are at hazard of going labelled, treated as non academic winners and looked upon and taught in a different manner. As Hargreaves ( 1967 cited in Williams. 2001 p.385 ) 24 reported school kids can be seen to be categorized by possible to accomplish ; those with low outlooks are separated into low ability categories and treated otherwise. Pupils become misanthropic of school and fail to relationships with instructors. These students make relationships with their equals with comparable traits and sentiments of school, which allows them to transport out delinquent behaviour. In another survey Rutter et Al ( 1979 cited in Williams. K 2001 p.385 ) 25 found that schools with high Numberss of delinquency had high absenteeism and students achieved educational attainment these tended to be from low societal category households. What both studies highlighted more nevertheless was the ways in which instructors respond to pupil ‘s academic acquisition through subject and wages ( control ) . The non accomplishing 1s who are disciplined and who become to experience anomic and their perceptual experiences of school become damaged lose involvement in school and bead out particularly in their concluding twelvemonth, ( Williams, 2001 ) 25.This harmonizing to Box ( 1981 cited in Williams. 2001 p.386 ) 26 â€Å" may all take towards criminalism † . School does hence play a portion in making pervert and future condemnable activities through its instruction methods and course of study manners of direction and control. It can alter this by understanding troubles immature people face at place and the parenting demands of the household. And present this by supplying learning methods around conforming in a helpful supportive manner. For this to go on it needs some signifier of primary socialisation to hold taken topographic point, but this can non ever be possible. ( Williams. 2001 ) 27 Peer Groups/ sub cultural Peers socialisation can be seen with friends, brothers, of similar age, growing and adulthood, who live near by with personalities that are likewise. Children come across equal group influence at an early age ; these tend to be with household or neighbors. These interactions are closely watched by parents and so their criterions of behaviors are internalised by the kid. Even with the close supervising of the parents kids learn about societal accomplishments in group state of affairss with those similar societal individuality. As child gets older equal group interactions become more autonomous and are less supervised the kid learns about dialogue, control and leading, teamwork, give and take, etc†¦ As the immature individual reaches adolescence, equal group relationships become highly of import, lifting up to straight dispute the household ( Sociology cardinal no day of the month ) 28. It is at this phase referred to by Robert L. O’Block, Joseph F. Donnermeyer, Stephen E. Doeren 1991, p,62 ) 40 that some immature people can go delinquent through relationships with aberrant equal groups. Whilst other immature people are lawful because other groups deter and reject equals exposing improper behavior. ( Differential theory ) . Therefore equals become Socialization larning theoretical accounts and can act upon behaviors. Children desiring interaction will seek to attach to a equal group and please equals by showing behaviors to suit in. Children showing aberrant behaviors they ‘ve learnt from household and who ‘ve had bad school socialisation will be accepted by aberrant groups but rejected by other more socially conforming groups. The deviancy carries on and more so amplified. Peer Pressures accepted and its operation can take to immature people perpetrating Acts of the Apostless of criminalism instead than be rejected such Acts of the Apostless could inc ; hooliganism ; shop raising drug usage Heaven. PCL ( 1994 ) 30 suggests susceptibleness to this equal force per unit area is less likely if kids have been brought up by important parents. But as we have seen non all parents use this manner of rearing and in many fortunes kids attach themselves to peer groups as a consequence of rejection by parents. Decision The primary socialisation is a period of development that will inform the Childs sense of morality, liberty and societal behavior through its life class. It will inform or discourage a immature individual ‘s condemnable activities later in life dependent on parental duty, working and community lived in. The household ‘s ability to supply a kid with beliefs and values appropriate to conform within society and authorization will be the primary factor that will outweigh school and equal influences. School does make aberrance but as we have seen this is chiefly due to household fortunes and socialisation learnt from them. Peer socialisation besides creates aberrance but once more a kid who has received appropriate upbringing will socialize with similar equals those who have received inappropriate household socialisation or who have been rejected by parents will pull and interact with aberrant groups. It is for these grounds that I conclude that primary socialisation is more i mportant than secondary socialisation in developing forms of aberrant condemnable behavior. 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Business Law IRAC Methods

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor IRAC Methods. Answer: Issue 1 Whether Jonas can sue his friend for seeking compensation for the harm incurred upon him under Contract law or Negligence law? Rule Contract Law Tort Law- Negligence and Contributory negligence Application A contract has been regarded as an agreement entered among two persons. In that agreement there must be an offer and acceptance, intent to create a lawfully binding agreement, a consideration, lawful capacity of individuals to enter in a contract and a proper understanding and consent. The above mentioned elements constitute an agreement to be enforceable between parties if these elements would not be there than there would not be any contract. Similarly, in this case there was no agreement so contract law would not be applicable for this situation. As per the law of tort, Negligence has been defined as a failure in law in order to do what a reasonable individual would have done in the situations (Legal Aid, 2016). If the plaintiff wants to establish the liability of the defendant than he has to prove three things: That the defendant owed the applicant an obligation of concern; That the defendant violated that obligation of concern; and Private harm or land injury by the plaintiff as a result of that contravention. Obligation of concern has been defined as the situations and associations under which the act has been distinguished as giving rise to a lawful obligation to receive care. Consequently, it was essential for the applicant to institute that the defendant owed them a obligation of concern. The subsistence of an obligation of concern for a private harm and land injury was originally decided by the neighbor test in the matter of Donoghue v Stevenson. In this matter it was held that for establishing an obligation of concern under the neighbor test it can be spit up into two requirements: Reasonable foresight of danger; and association of closeness. Therefore, it can be said that Jonas friend would be liable for negligence as it was his duty to warn Jonas before using the said charger as it did not had any safety mark on it. At the same time the element of contributory negligence was present in this case as contributory negligence has been regarded as an act where the plaintiff fails to take reasonable care for his own safety or loss incurred. In this case, same thing happened as the injury occurred due to the carelessness of the plaintiff as he was talking on phone while his phone was charging and although there was not safety mark; but it was well known by all the users that it has been highly restricted to use phone while charging. Conclusion Therefore, it has been concluded that though Jonass friend would be liable for negligence but Jonas would also be liable for the same as it was his own duty also for using the charger in the right way. As it was foreseen and well known fact known by Jonas that the phones should not be used while they have been put for charge. Issue 2 Whether Jonas could bring an claim against the proprietor of the caf for carelessness if the damage happened while using a non-compliant charger that was offered by an internet caf? Rule Law of Tort- Negligence and Contributory Negligence Application In this matter, the owner of the caf would be liable for the act of negligence as the injury was caused by using the non-complaint charger that was supplied by the caf. The similar case of negligence was held long back ago in which a test was established i.e. neighbor test. It stated that an individual should take sensible care in order to evade such acts which can be rationally seen as to cause damage to the neighbor. The Judge outlined the parameters of the obligation of concern in such cases stating that a person should take prudent care in order to avoid any act which a person can reasonable foresee that would likely to harm the persons neighbor. The neighbor under law has been regarded as the individual who was personally and honestly exaggerated by another persons act that he ought to have reasonably taken in deliberation as being exaggerated when he was unswerving his mind to the said acts which were called in question. The state safety authorities if Australia has warned the consumers on the danger of using cheap, non- approved USB chargers after the demise of women who died in Australia. It was established in this case that the lady died as a result of electrocution which occurred and burnt her ears and chest (Fair Trading, 2014). So, the NSW Fair Trading Commissioner made an announcement by warning the consumers of the potential risk which was associated with such type of cheap chargers. The commissioner stated that these devices pose a severe danger of electrocution or fire and because of this the fair trading investigators had detached from sale a number if illegal and non- complaint USB chargers. And also it has been affirmed by the Commissioner that the corporations or traders who were selling such unapproved electrical devices could be fined with the fine up to $ 875,000 and $87,500 respectively. The said devices were restricted as these illegal devices did not meet the indispensable securit y necessities of Australian Standards and were often built of low-grade plastics and other insulations supplies. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the owner of the caf would be liable for the act of negligence as he was making use of such type of non- complaint charger till now even after the Fair Trading Commissioner has asked the investigators to restrict the sale and use of such chargers. But at the same time Jonas would also be liable as he was using the charger even after the clear statement which was clearly stated by the Commissioner by warning the consumers to take precautionary steps. Such act occurred earlier also where a lady was using phone while it was on charge. But Jonas did the same thing even after foreseeing the said act or knowing the consequences of the same. So it would amount to contributory negligence of both the parties. Issue 3 Whether Jonas could bring a claim for negligent misrepresentation against the proprietor of the shop if the damage happened whilst using a non-compliant USB that was purchased from an electrical supplies shop or not? Rule Law of Tort and Contract Negligent Misrepresentation Application In this situation, the shopkeeper would be liable for the act of negligent misrepresentation. Since, the law of Contract, misrepresentation affirms to a false declaration of fact which has been made by one party to another, which has the consequence of inducing the party into such agreement. Negligent Misrepresentation has been regarded as one of the kind of misrepresentation which occurs in different situations. It occurs when the defendant inaccurately makes a demonstration while having no sensible basis to believe it to be correct (Ramensky, 2016). Similar, but different to a claim for actionable misrepresentation were the claims for negligent misrepresentation. It can give rise to a physical or financial loss or injury. In order to accomplish something in a allegation for negligent misstatement the applicant must set up that a fake statement was made by the maker of the statement. In Shaddock v Parramatta City Council the responsibility was absolute for giving data as well as recommendation and it was stated that "the individual giving the data to other individual whom he knows would rely on it in situations where it was sensible for him to do so, was under an obligation to work out sensible concern that the data was accurate." It was only a case of time before the government behaved in a way to give legislative shield to customers for falsification in the appearance of the Trade Practices Act 1974 for the safety of organizations performing in business and retail and later the Fair Trading Act 1987 was enacted for granting protection to the non-corporate traders. Similarly, Section 2 of the Trade Practices Act affords that the aim of this act was to improve the wellbeing of the citizens by the encouragement of struggle and fair dealing with enactment of provisions for the purpose of protecting the consumers." S 52 (1) of the Trade Practices Act, "An organization shall not, in business or commerce, employ in any conduct that would be confusing or illusory or was likely to delude or mislead the consumers." S 42 of the Fair Trading Act, 1987 was in indistinguishable stipulations and has been applicable on the non-corporate dealers. Conclusion Therefore, it has been concluded that the shopkeeper would be liable for making compensation for the loss incurred upon Jonas as when he asked prior to the purchase that whether the charger was complaint with the Australian Standards then the shopkeeper said yes. Although, he very well knew that the charger was faulty and can harm the person then also he lied. The shopkeeper should have told the purchaser about the charger by not misleading the characteristics if the charger. Also, as per the principle of Caveat emptor which means let the buyer aware it can be concluded that as it has been believed that the buyer have less knowledge about the product so it has been the duty of the seller to tell the buyer about the truthfulness of the product. Therefore, the shop keeper would be liable for the act of misrepresentation. References: Fair Trading. (2014) Safety alert - USB style chargers. [Online] NSW Government. Available from: https://www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/ftw/About_us/News_and_events/Media_releases/2014_media_releases/20140626_safety_alert_usb_style.page? [Accessed on 27/09/16] Legal Aid.(2016)Negligence.[Online] Western Australia.Available from:https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/Informationaboutthelaw/Birthlifeanddeath/Personalinjury/Pages/Negligence.aspx [Accessed on 27/09/16] Ramensky, G. (2016) Fraud and negligence.[Online] Find Law Australia. Available from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/134/fraud-and-negligence.aspx [Accessed on 27/09/16]

Cognitive Learning Theory And Applications In Nursing Education

Question: Discuss About The Cognitive Learning Theory And Applications In Nursing Education? Answer: Introduction: Learning, although has been bound to classrooms and lectures for a long time, is now getting evolved. Educators are looking for ways to implement suitable methods that can make a difference in learning. The theories put forth by Pavlov (classical conditioning) to Piaget (Constructivisim), all deal with innumerable ways to enrich learning. Although the theories are different in their approach and use varying methods to achieve the goal, their primary focus is on how to enrich learning experiences in adult education. The educational psychologists and researchers strongly believe that understanding these theories can help in enhancing efficiency in learning and standardizing the learning methods. (Aliakbari, 2015). These adult learning theories focus on one point- since the primary object, here are adults, they are self-motivated enough to understand the value of learning, and can understand its importance. Hence, experts believe that applying theories of adult learning in a suitable environment, has to be by accentuating their personal desire to learn and also by inducing internal motivation, rather than using external stimulation. (Chen, 2014). Other experts equally believe that any of these theories can be applied to adult learning, in any professional settings. (McAllister, 2003). Since the subjects here are adults, (as in nursing education too), the perspective of the individuals is clear- they have come to learn skills that are essential for living (or career development) and hence, use of a dult learning theory can come in extremely handy. Although every theory brings to our attention a different focal point of adult learning, and has an alternate method to suggest strengthening learning perspectives, each theory is, on its own, complete. Therefore, in this study, we are going to look upon the salient features of cognitive theory of learning by Jean Piaget and how it can be applied to nursing education. Cognitive Theory of Learning: Cognitive learning theory, put forth by Jean Piaget, emphasizes on the use of concept maps to increase the capacity of learning new skills in adult students. (Biniecki et.al, 2015). Cognitive theory, therefore, emphasizes on analyzing the mental processes and using it effectively to facilitate learning in an individual. Learning, therefore, is synonymous to think with the brain. (Sincero, M. S). Hence, by studying the mental processes, and effective cognitive processes can ensure effective learning. Piaget divided the mental processing ability of individuals in four stages sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations and formal operational stages. The last stage the formal operational stage, is what we are concerned about, as this deals with the adolescent to adult learning stage. This is the stage where, according to Piaget, the cognitive development is complete, and therefore, the brain can focus on the importance and value of learning skills that might be required for the future. Many experts believe that the cognitive theory is very much appropriate in the adult learning experiences. According to them, since the cognitive theory involves the influence of both social and personal factors, a learner can immediately relate what is being learnt to what he does in his personal life. Here, let's take the example of a nursing practitioner or a nursing student. If an instructor is talking about the conditions of multiple sclerosis and the nursing student is able to relate that lecture to the patients they have seen that day, then the metal processing of information is complete. Hence, learning is effective, when one can process its meaning in what is already present in their cognitive structure. (Jackson). Also, one is required to both study the external environment or as Piaget called the social factors, and also the intrinsic internal behavior or personal learning abilities or traits. The learning is effective, only when both external and internal behaviors are favorable and the individual can effectively process information through mental processes. The below diagram predicts how the behavioral patterns of a learner and his skills to accumulate and process information depends upon both his personal and social environments. This is called the social cognitive theory, where the social (environmental effects) are also considered as a factor for influencing a persons learning experience. The social cognitive theory, as expressed in the model above, focuses on how the environment can influence a person and increases his skills in processing effective information. This can be applied in nursing effectively, where a student learns from their external environment the hospitals or health care centers where they take training and also from the seniors. Cognitive theory, (with its several sub-theories), therefore, focuses on what goes inside the minds of the learner, and hence, how they can change perceptions and thoughts according to what is learnt and also their environmental conditions. (Braungart, et.al., 2007). What makes the cognitive theory more effective as an adult learning tool is its suitability in their applications. Adult mind, is already developed (cognitive abilities, as per Piaget, have been formed) and goals are established. Hence, providing them with a learning experience that is both conducive to their social conditions, (external environment) and cognitive framework (internal environment) can defiantly produce effective learning. Hence, the theory of cognitive learning believes in not rewarding the learners for their work, but on understanding the goals and perceptions of life they have, and work upon it to help them assimilate information efficiently. Cognitive theory, therefore, has been applied to various adult learning experiences, and have proved to be very useful. This theory has also been applied to various fields of medicine, where the students are in their formal cognitive development stage, and are influenced by perceptions and environmental situations. The assimilation of information accounting to the cognitive theory can be explained as Attention Processing- Memory storage- Action. (Braungart, et.al). A student needs to first attend to what is being taught, and process it with prior information they have on that subject as a next stage of learning. Once the processing is done, it is stored in the memory for a later stage, where it will be required for application. Cognitive Theory in Nursing Field: The cognitive theory model can be efficaciously applied to the field of nursing and medicine to enlarge learning perspectives. There are several instances where it can be applied to the field of nursing. Here are some examples given by the researchers: Use of concept maps: A nursing practitioner or student, needs to assimilate a plethora of information and has hoards of symptoms to learn to apply it effectively in everyday process. Bringing back the concept map here, the student can use it to get a framework of symptoms, and diagnosis to connect it to real life situations. (Biniecki, et.al., 2015). Designing concept maps for various disorders and diseases (which are otherwise complicated) can help understand their applications. They can also use concept maps to design health care plans for specific cases and hence, can use it as a learning tool (as well as practice tool) at later stages. Social Cognitive Theory: Cognitive theory believes in putting into picture both the external and internal environment. A student of nurse training is imbibed with cognitive development that involves caring for the sick and also in understanding medical jargons. Thus, the personal environment ability to think- is clear. Similarly, since what they learn is going to be useful in everyday applications, their social environment is also conducive to learning. Cognitive theory, therefore, is perfect for applying in nursing practices, either as a primary tool or an ancillary aid. The four stages of learning, as explained by the theory - Attention Processing- Memory storage- Action- can be applied to the nursing field. They can learn the information, process it and store it in memory and can be applied in a clinical environment. Motivation: Motivation is also a key factor for cognitive learning. While external motivators like high salaries or clearing the training process can be one of the instigators, what motivates the learner more is internal satisfaction in learning new methods of treatment processes, in performing their tasks better than the others, and also in getting satisfaction out of learning (Palis, et.al., 2014). This significant internal factor forces an individual to focus on the modules taught, and their brains to process and store information for further use. A student nurse might have goals and expectations to come out the winner or clear the training to join practice. This motivation can help in furthering the process of learning. Simulation as a tool for learning: Simulation, (which is the focus of most adult learning theories) is one of the most effective ways of making the learners aware of what is happening around them, and thus, force them to take heed of their surroundings.(Rutherford-Hemming, 2012). Nurse educators can use simulation as a process of learning to make the courses interesting and stimulating to the students. Applying concepts of simulation, in the case of nurse practitioners involve studying about a particular body system and its complications and seeing a real life example immediately, and relate to it. Here, application of learning, which is one of its key advantages, comes into the picture, thus, making it more significant. Motivation, social and external environment, simulation and information processing and application, all tools of cognitive learning theory, can be applied to the clinical environment of nursing, to make learning involvement fruitful. Since the nursing students or practicing nurses have crossed the three stages of cognitive development and are in the fourth stage, it is easier for them to use each and every stage of learning into practice. Enriching prior Knowledge: Another way of using cognitive theory as a tool in nursing is to ensure the educators are aware of the earlier experiences of the students and their prior knowledge. The learning outcome will be more fruitful since the learners inclination towards the concept will be enhanced. A student nurse might or might not have a highly complete information about Glomerulonephritis or Henoch-Schnlein Purpura (HSP). However, if he or she has studied basic biology, they will be aware about the basic urinary and kidney functions and how the system works. Now, what the tutor is going to provide is an advanced course about the diseases or pediatric conditions in particular. The nurses would, therefore, be able to relate or recapitulate information from already known facts and be able to store it for future use. The information might be completely clear and concise with practice (an application), but it will at least be assimilated to be noted down at a later stage. The cognitive learning theory, based upon Piagets ideas and studies, is therefore, completely effective in adult learning environment, and also in the field of modern day nursing and nurse training. Adult learning theories Promoting Positive Workplace Culture: Application of cognitive theory, or any other adult learning theories, such as Behavioral, constructive or Kolb's theory emphasize on one thing making learning an enriching experience for the students. These theories can, therefore, create pupil who come out of the training, well aware of the facts, and will want to apply it in their practical experience. With their rich learning experience behind them (wherein we assume the theories have been used to bring out the best in the students and their cognitive power is completely developed), the students can make the clinical work environment more efficient. It is the ability, efficiency and the experience of the workers in any workplace that makes it successful. A student nurse, with a better training behind them, can apply all that is learnt to their everyday life, making each and every endeavor successful. This, in turn, will also promote positive work culture, with each individual putting in their best and contribute to their maximum capacity. With the individual performance at a higher level, it becomes much easier to take care of the patients and give them their best, with their professional approach. Summary and Conclusion: Every individual has a different way of perception of things and use of mental abilities to process effective information. Cognitive Theory is based upon the mental processing of information to apply learning in real-life environment. Cognitive theory believes in four stages of development and each stage enhances the cognitive or mental ability of a person to process information. Since our focus is towards adult learning, we come under the formal cognitive development stage, where, Jean Piaget believes the cognitive development is complete. Now, at this stage, a person can learn things through- Use of cognitive skills to acquire and process new information Use prior information and enhance it by learning new insights Learning focus shifts towards the goals and expectations of a learner Motivation to learn and create a life for themselves plays pivotal role in the process of learning The social environment of a person (nurse in a hospital environment) plays a significant role in enhancing learning experiences Use of concept maps can enhance processing of information and its effective application Past experiences and influences also are important to facilitate learning All these past factors have been applied to nursing field and found to be profitable to their learning experience. The learning theories, for many decades, have helped educators and school teachers to enrich teaching experiences in children. The same can be applied to adult education effectively, (in all fields) to ensure we tap into the rich psychological resources and ideas put forth by the theorists to make learning a fun-filled and thought-provoking process. References: Chen, C. J. (2013). Teaching nontraditional adult students: adult learning theories in practice. Chicago: Rouledge. Taylor, D. C. Hamdy, H. (2013). Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83. Liverpool: Medical Teacher. Alston, D. G., Chegg, T.E., Glodfelter, J. R., Drye, C. K., Farrer, J.V., Gould, D., Mohsin, M. N., Rankin, N. T. and Ray, L. S. (2015). Reflections from Graduate Adult Learners About Service Learning. North Carolina : Sagepub Kroth, M. and Boverie, P. (2009). Using the discovering Model to Facilitate Transfomational Learning and Career Development. New Mexico: Journal of Adult Education. Palis, A. G. and Quiros, P. A. (2014). Adult Learning Principles and Presentation Pearls. 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